PALMER Surname Meaning and Family History

From the Middle English and Old French palmer or paumer, taken from palme meaning palm tree. Palmer or Parmer was often a nickname for someone who had been on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and brought back a palm branch as proof that they had actually made the journey. Palmer can also be a geographical German surname for someone living among the pussy willows or palms, from the Middle High German palme, balme, meaning pussy willow or palm tree. Surname Origin:  English, German, Dutch Alternate Surname Spellings:  PALMORE, PARMER, PALMOUR, PALMOORE, PARMOORE, PARRAMORE, PALLMER Famous People with the PALMER Surname A. Mitchell Palmer -  U.S. attorney general under Woodrow Wilson responsible for launching  the Palmer RaidsArnold Palmer - American champion golferRobert Palmer - British singer songwriterKeke Palmer - American actress and singerAustin Norman Palmer -  Author of the Palmer Method of penmanshipEdward Palmer - British botanistHenry Spencer Palmer - British Army military engineer and surveyor Where is the PALMER Last Name Most Common? Palmer, according to surname data from Forebears, is most common in the United States where it ranks as the 155th most common surname in the country. It is very common in England, where it ranks 80th, as well as New Zealand (114th) and  Australia (125th). The surname is fairly evenly distributed around England, but ranks highest in Norfolk (15th), Somerset (15th), Cambridgeshire (19th) and Leicestershire (22nd). WorldNames PublicProfiler has the Palmer surname as most commonly found in the United Kingdom, with the greatest numbers clustered in Norfolk County and around the city of Birmingham. Genealogy Resources for the Surname PALMER 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Palmer Surname DNA ProjectA central site for all Palmer descendants who want to participate in Family Tree DNA testing to learn about their Palmer ancestors and where and who they came from. Palmer  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Palmer  family crest or coat of arms for the Palmer surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. PALMER Family Genealogy ForumFree message board is focused on descendants of Palmer ancestors around the world. FamilySearch - PALMER  GenealogyExplore over 4.5  million  historical records which mention individuals with the Palmer surname, as well as online Palmer family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. PALMER Surname Mailing ListFree mailing list for researchers of the Palmer surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - PALMER Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Palmer. GeneaNet - Palmer  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Palmer  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Palmer  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Palmer  from the website of Genealogy Today.----------------------- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Essay about Clean Car Care Making a Job Offer - 1169 Words

Heneman, Judge, Kammeyer-Mueller (2012) describe a job offer as an attempt to persuade a creation of an employment relationship on the part of an organization. In the case of Clean Car Care (3Cs), Arlan Autospritz is experiencing a challenging decision. He is, for the first time, attempting to execute an external hire in a management position within the organization. He has narrowed down the search to two candidates, each attractive in their own distinct ways. In extending a job offer, Arlan has several tactics he can consider, various incentives beyond base salary, and terms he can include in trying to entice the best candidate. Type of Offer: Best-Shot, Competitive, or Lowball Arlan has two well-qualified candidates to†¦show more content†¦A lowball strategy involves extending an offer where the terms offered are on the lower range (Heneman, Judge, Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012). If a candidate is desperate or naive, this tactic can serve to secure a candidate at a lower outlay or affords a greater room to negotiate with a candidate (Heneman, Judge, Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012). Jane, the number one candidate, has a great deal of supervisory experience, is anticipating both a counteroffer and a promotion at her current employer, and needs to know the terms of the offer quickly based on these facts. While Jane is willing and eager to relocate and is easily within the current managers salary, the previous facts negate a lowball tactic in this case (Heneman, Judge, Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012). Competitive Arlan has a suitable alternative candidate in Betts Cook; that being said, if Jane is the top choice, Arlan is best moving forward with a competitive offer. Based on the quality of the second choice candidate, a best-shot offer is not necessarily needed. While it could serve to secure Jane’s acceptance quickly, Arlan is safe offering a fair offer to Jane and negotiating small details without making an over-the-top deal to begin with. Arlan is aware of the salaries offered within his industry as well as Jane’s current salary, so he is well prepared to negotiate a fair base salary (Monster, 2014). In offering a competitive salary, Arlan is less likely to offend Jane with a lowball offer andShow MoreRelatedMaking a Job Offer Essay860 Words   |  4 PagesMaking a Job Offer Klaudia Barsi ORG 522 – Managing Performance for Results Colorado State University - Global Campus Dr. Danielle J. Camacho April 20, 2013 1. Recommend whether Jane should receive a best shot, competitive or lowball offer? Why? Clean Car Care (3Cs) should make the best-shot offer to Jane. She is a high-quality finalist, and her current employer is a strong competitor regarding the benefits she receives. 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The purpose of Allisha’s Car Wash Inc. is to provide the area with a unique facility that enables car owners to wash their car for a fee. People will be able to get their cars cleaned, and also get car care products, lube, snacks, and beverages. It is the mission of Allisha’s Auto Wash to fulfill personal vehicle owner’s wants and needs at the right price. The majorRead MoreEssay on Difference Between Life in City and Village623 Words   |  3 Pagesfor people to progress in their lives. There are a lot of facilities for people in the city and they have more opportunities for making money. â€Å" What’s more, many parents want to be able to prepare their children with the best education. So they prefer quality education in the city area. The same web search gives evidence â€Å"children living in the city can get a good job education, because there are better schools in the town than in the village. When a person falls ill there are good government andRead MoreHybrid Automobiles vs. Fuel-efficient Automobiles1283 Words   |  5 Pagesof fuel-efficient cars. Some fuel-efficient cars use traditional internal combustion engines alone; others offer the option to use alternative fuel sources like diesel and biodiesel; and others yet offer the opportunity to drive a car with an electric or a hybrid engine. The decision of which fuel-efficient car to purchase depends on several lifestyle factors. Price sensitivity and prestige are issues to be considered when making the choice between fuel efficient or hybrid car. Concern for the environmentRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Glade81 6 Words   |  4 Pagesdeveloping a series of air care products, including sprays, candles, wax melts and plug-in air diffusers. The company began in 1956 and was founded by its parent company SC Johnson. SC Johnson is also responsible for several other well-known products including Windex, Drano, Off and Shout. 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The World Tomorrow Free Essays

In a dimly-lit alley filled with strewn garbage and nondescript graffiti over the walls, a magnificent sight somewhat overpowered the rather dismal scene. A bright city that was once filled with concrete buildings, stood gleaming against a dark evening sky. The building are pearly-white, sleek, patterned after many ultra-modern designs of the day. We will write a custom essay sample on The World Tomorrow or any similar topic only for you Order Now Yet the city still retained vestiges of the past, with many obsolete yet historic buildings scattered around the city. Cars still fill the busy highways in and around the city. The luxurious-looking cars are environment friendly, has the most up-to-date safety features, while remaining affordable to most of the citizens. And yet, in spite of all these advancements, the human race envisioned something better than themselves – creating artificial intelligence in order to decrease the woes of manual labor. Humans then have the power of god himself, not only creating life but also creating consciousness. This intelligence is implanted on machines that replaces manual labor that human beings usually do. Highly-efficient, low-maintenance and cheap, human life may have become marginally easier than in the past. Yet, society remains. Humans, motivated by individual will, still create problems that eventually destroys themselves. There is still much squabble of power, sphere of influence and domination over other countries. Political power becomes the forefront of every country, always trying to prove dominance Even with the disguise of modern development, the essence of society still remains as a grim reminder of the past. In twenty years, the human race would have taken a great leap forward in technology, but would have evolved slowly as a society. As long as there humans on earth, there will be always misunderstanding. How to cite The World Tomorrow, Papers

How has the recent arrival Essay Example For Students

How has the recent arrival Essay Language is a tool of communication and communication gives people an opportunity to understand each other. However, language constantly changes. At some moments it is difficult to understand someone who uses words, terms or phrases that you have never heard before. Especially difficult it becomes if that person comes from other from yours region or country and uses lexical units that are not common at your region. Changes of the language are rapid and dynamic. They occur constantly and in great numbers and variations. That is why dictionaries and language manuals need periodical updates. This is supposed to help in classifying and reflecting all the changes that have occurred in a certain period of time. Nowadays this necessity of updating is becoming even more significant. This happens because new technologies, concepts, ideas, and, consequently, new words and styles of communication shape themselves within the society and replace older ones. Sciences and industries develop new technologies and concepts daily. Hence, they need to be and are being reflected in our everyday language, accepted in our everyday life. Some words change their meaning, some get out of use, some get new meanings which are different from previous ones. Changes, such as the birth of new words, ideas and concepts, are not happening in some particular language, but in most of the worlds languages. That is why not only for linguists, but for all people it is important to know them, notice, consider, and get used to the changes. Especially sharp this problem stands before the people who work or have business abroad and need to take their experience beyond the usual surrounding. Not only an industry influences the language, but the language is influenced by it as well. In his work David Crystal explained this phenomenon as follows: This would form part of a much broader economic perspective, in which the traditional view, that the economy influences language, is supplemented by the notion that language exercises a strong influence on the economy. There are several domains in which languages play an important role, and thus contribute to their economic success (Crystal, 1995) This statement, in its turn, leads us to the need to study and analyze the problem. This can be done on the basis of the descriptive and prescriptive approaches to language which may help us to clarify the issue. In the given work these two approaches will be examined. Besides, we will analyze their strengths and weaknesses, and analyze them applying not only to some particular field, but in more general applications as well. 1. Understanding the Descriptive and Prescriptive Approaches It is well known that languages change constantly. New and alternative words appear to name new things and processes, new idiomatic expressions and spellings appear to express older ones which are gradually getting out of use. Sometimes these innovations stay unnoticed or not much attention is paid to them, they are just becoming parts of our everyday communication and are used as if there is nothing new in them. However, if the change is noticed, it may face two possible responses. The first one consists in commenting on them, trying to explain and classify, deciding whether to accept them or not, or simply accepting them without any doubts. This is what the descriptive approach consists in. This approach tends to exactly and clearly describe how certain features of the language features are used in communication. This leads to the understanding that all the lexical units have similar features and may be classified. .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 , .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .postImageUrl , .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 , .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593:hover , .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593:visited , .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593:active { border:0!important; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593:active , .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593 .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6fa50e6ac53fbfc8c5a9112ba8dc9593:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Weekend EssayModern linguists prefer applying to the descriptive approach to language because it does not require them to determine what the language should look like or prescribe what exact rules should be used. The descriptive approach requires them only to describe what language is, what new changes have appeared, what their main qualities are, and how they are used in communication. Instead of creating new rules this approach allows describing and bringing to general use those rules, which people have already invented and used to form words and sentences. Surely, there are some of the descriptive rules in English which are necessary to follow. For example, the subject precedes the verb, the object follows the verb, auxiliary verbs precede the subject in questions and the plural of a noun is formed by adding -s. But at the same time, analyzing our speech we can come to the conclusion that, for example, Present Perfect Continuous Tense is being more and more often replaced with Present Perfect and the descriptive approach accepts this change because it becomes accepted by people and is natural. The second possible reaction to the appearance of new words, phrases, and spellings is analyzing them and applying corresponding rules to their usage. This is the prescriptive approach. The main concern of this approach consists in identifying whether a phrase or sentence is grammatically correct. According to the prescriptive approach correct grammar is the most important quality of the language and should be imposed on the whole speech community (Liberman, 2005). Most of the rules which are adopted by the prescriptive approach originally come from Latin and Greek languages. As Latin and Greek are dead languages, they do not change and that is why they serve as models for grammar of English and some other languages (Ibid). Some of the prescriptive rules of English are: Dont split infinitives, dont use double negation, dont end a sentence with a preposition, dont use who in place of whom, say or write It is I instead of It is me. Though modern linguists prefer using the descriptive approach analyzing new tendencies in language, they need to apply to prescriptive approach too because it helps to understand the changes better and to find better tools to explain them. (Peters Pam, 2004) Surely, the linguists clearly understand that language changes and needs to change in order to reflect changes which take place within the society. That is why they use descriptive approach to give people an opportunity to choose appropriate words for particular contexts in order to understand each other better. The descriptive approach also acts as a more democratic way of thinking and meeting changes because common usage is really more powerful than abstract statements of what is correct or logical in a particular language. (Ibid) The descriptive approach does not require certain rules to be imposed on new words or phrases; it just gives advice and recommends certain rules to be applied to new words. It also points out cases in which variations are preferred and indicates the stylistic context in which these variations can be used. At the same time the prescriptive approach is more traditional and requires certain rules to be formulated for the usage of new words and phrases in order to avoid any confusion. As a result, this approach tends to achieve uniformity in language use, especially if it relates to grammar, spelling, and in some cases pronunciation.

Minimum Price for Alcohol

Why it can Prevent Excessive Consumption The government’s intention to set the minimum price for alcohol products is based on the concept of price floors. Under this concept, the minimum selling price is set above the equilibrium prices (Frank, Bernanke Kaufman 2007, p. 71). For example, equilibrium price for Grant’s whisky was 11 pounds before the proposal. However, it will rise to 11.42 after implementing the proposal.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Minimum Price for Alcohol specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The increase in equilibrium price leads to a reduction in quantity demand. This is illustrated in figure 1 below. P 1 and Q1 represent the initial equilibrium price and quantity respectively. However, the equilibrium price will rise to P 2 after implementing the government’s proposal. When the price increases to P 2, the quantity demand will reduce from Q 1 to Q 2. This is because consumers will find alcohol products more expensive than they were initially (Frank, Bernanke Kaufman 2007, p. 73). This implies that raising the minimum price above the market equilibrium will reduce the consumption of alcohol. Figure 1: price floor P: price Q: quantity E: equilibriumAdvertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More S: supply curve D: demand curv Why the Proposal will not succeed in this Case Influencing the consumption of alcohol through price control depends on the price elasticity of its demand (Frank, Bernanke Kaufman 2007, p. 94). The demand for alcoholic drinks such as beer tends to be relatively inelastic due to the following reasons. First, the prices of alcoholic drinks in UK are very low due to the promotions run by supermarkets. For example, the price of a bottle of wine is as little as 2.03 pounds. This means that the price represents only a small perce ntage of consumer’s income. Thus the demand for alcohol will be inelastic since the consumers will not be sensitive to price changes (Frank, Bernanke Kaufman 2007, p. 95). Second, alcohol is a necessity to those who are addicted to it. Thus unless its price is significantly increased, consumers will still purchase it. Finally, loyalty to particular brands of alcohol will encourage consumers to maintain their level of consumption even if the prices are raised (Frank, Bernanke Kaufman 2007, p. 97). These trends indicate that the price of alcohol must be increased significantly in order to reduce its consumption. Thus the government’s proposal will fail because its new price proposals are not significantly high. It is for this reason that earlier proposals fixed the minimum price at 50p instead of 38p as proposed by the government.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Minimum Price for Alcohol specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/pag e Learn More Importance of the Concept of Scarcity and Opportunity Cost Scarcity implies that that the available resources can not satisfy all the needs of a country or a business (Pindyck Robinfeld 2009, p. 22). Scarce resources are only spent on projects associated with the highest levels of benefits. Thus scarcity leads to trade-offs when allocating resources. Trade-offs in this case means that some projects must be forgone due to lack of adequate resources. Such trade-offs are associated with opportunity costs which represent â€Å"the next best alternative† (Pindyck Robinfeld 2009, p. 23). Scarcity helps governments to realize the fact that they have limited resources. Opportunity cost on the other hand helps governments to asses the costs and benefits associated with their decisions in regard to resources allocation (Pindyck Robinfeld 2009, p. 23). Thus the main importance of the concept of scarcity and opportunity cost is that they help governments to make informed decisions on the use of their resources. This helps in maximizing the benefits resulting from efficient resource allocation. This can be illustrated by the alcohol market in UK. Scarcity in this case is represented by the fact that the government does not have enough resources to prevent the side-effects of alcohol consumption such as increased crime rate. The government must deicide on whether to promote consumption of alcohol in order to increase its GDP or reduce alcohol availability in order to protect the health of the citizens. This represents the trade-off that the government must make. Since the government has decided to reduce alcohol availability, the opportunity cost is represented by the revenue lost due to reduction in alcohol consumption. Thus the two concepts have helped the government to determine the level of alcohol production that is both beneficial to the producers and the citizens. Taxation of Alcohol, Cigarette and Petrol The above goods are taxe d for two reasons. First, they are taxed in order to generate revenue for supporting government operations (Pindyck Robinfeld 2009, p. 54). For example, the revenues are used to provide services such as education. Second, they are taxed to prevent market failure. Market failure occurs when the free market can not allocate resources efficiently (Pindyck Robinfeld 2009, p. 55). The above goods lead to market failure since their consumption is associated with negative externalities. A negative externality is â€Å"a cost not transmitted through prices, incurred by a party who did not agree to the activity causing the cost† (Pindyck Robinfeld 2009, p. 56). Air pollution is one of the negative externalities associated with the consumption of petrol and cigarette.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Increase in crime rate and road accidents are the negative externalities associated with alcohol consumption. Prevention of market failure through taxation is illustrated by figure 2 below. When the market equilibrium is at point E, the marginal cost associated with the private sector is less than that associated with public sector. This means that increasing the production of the good will be less beneficial. Thus in order to achieve the ideal equilibrium, pint D, the price must be raised to P 2. This is achieved through taxation in order to increase the price of the product. Figure 2: negative externality P: price Q: quantity E: actual equilibrium D: ideal equilibrium Reducing the Incidence for Alcohol Consumption Education Consumption of alcohol can be reduced if the public is educated on the effects of its consumption. As the citizens realize the side-effects of alcohol such as health risks, increased crime rate and road accidents, they will reduce alcohol consumption (Pindyck Robinfeld 2009, p. 66). This can be illustrated by figure 3 below. D 1 represents the demand for alcohol before introducing the education programs. At this level, the equilibrium price and quantity are P 1 and Q 1 respectively. After the education program, the demand curve will shift to D 2. Thus the quantity demanded at the same price, P 1, will reduce from Q 1 to Q 3. Following the reduction in demand, alcohol producers are likely to reduce the prices in order to encourage consumption. Consequently, the new equilibrium price and quantity will be P 2 and Q 2. The overall effect of education is that the quantity demanded will reduce from Q 1 to Q 2. Figure 3: demand-supply model P: price Q: quantity D: demand curve Taxation Taxation increases the price of alcohol. According to the law of demand, an increase in price translates into a reduction in the quantity demanded (Pindyck Robinfeld 2009, p. 67). Thus imposing taxes on alcohol will make it more expensive hence discouraging it s consumption. This can be illustrated by figure 4 below. Before imposing the tax, the equilibrium price and quantity will be P1 and Q 1 respectively. After imposing the tax, the price paid by buyers will increase to P2 while that received by sellers will reduce to P 3. Thus the quantity demanded will reduce from Q 1 to Q 2. Following the reduction in demand, the producers of alcohol will reduce the supply level. Thus the overall effect of taxation will be a reduction in the quantity demanded due to an increase in the price of alcohol. Figure 4: incidence of taxation P: price Q: quantity The Energy Market in UK In 2007, the government of UK introduced price control in the energy market (National-grid 2007). This involved lowering the prices of both electricity and gas. To achieve this objective, the government subsidized the production of both gas and electricity (National-grid 2007). The main goal of the price control was to lower the prices of gas and electricity so that many cit izens can afford to use them. Besides, the use of electricity and gas causes less air pollution. Thus the government intended to promote the use of the above sources of energy in order to conserve the environment (National-grid 2007). The success of this strategy can be illustrated by figure 5 below. Before introducing the subsidy, the equilibrium price was P 1 while the equilibrium quantity was Q 1. However, the price paid by the buyers reduced to P 2 after the introduction of the subsidy. The price received by the sellers increased to P 2+ Z, where Z represents the amount of subsidy per unit. Since P 2+ Z is higher than the initial equilibrium price, the sellers increased the quantity supplied from Q 1 to Q 2. The overall effect of the subsidy was a reduction in the price of electricity and gas as well as an increase in their demand. Figure 5: subsidy P: price Q: quantity S: supply Z: subsidy References Frank, R, Bernanke, B Kaufman, R 2007, Principles of economics, McGraw-Hill, New York. National-grid 2007, The use gas and electricity distribution price control, https://www.nationalgrid.com/. Pindyck, R Robinfeld, D 2009, Microeconomics, Pearson, New York. This assessment on Minimum Price for Alcohol was written and submitted by user Aria N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Four Functions Of Management

Introduction In today’s rapidly changing health care industry, the human component of management is becoming more important. As a Business Office Manager for a local home health agency I must be able to plan, organize, lead and control the office and the staff that I manage at all times. To be a successful manager I must have the knowledge and expertise to follow through on all four of these functions. Planning Planning is a essential management function. In every organization, managers plan a wide variety of actions on a daily basis. As a manager I must also look at the long term and day to day operations. As part of my position planning is used to establish the goals and courses of action that are going to take place. Planning tells me what should be done to accomplish the goals of the company that I work for. Organizing Organizing tells me how it is done and who should be doing it. This function of management is defining the roles and responsibilities of each team member. In this process with the company that I work for I need to make sure that the right people are in place with the right materials to accomplish the mission of the company. I will describe each position briefly at my organization. We have an administrator who oversees the entire office. The next in command is the director of nursing. She is responsible for the daily clinical functions and making sure that her staff, which are the registered nurse (care managers) have the appropriate staff on board for the patients in there homes. My staff includes the office assistants; there assigned duties are to complete all data entry within 24-48 hours of patient admission to home care. Following on the next page is a organizational chart. Just to give you an idea on how the flow should go within my occupation. Leading is the process by which I direct the efforts of my employees towards the accomplishments of the organization’s goals. I... Free Essays on Four Functions Of Management Free Essays on Four Functions Of Management Introduction In today’s rapidly changing health care industry, the human component of management is becoming more important. As a Business Office Manager for a local home health agency I must be able to plan, organize, lead and control the office and the staff that I manage at all times. To be a successful manager I must have the knowledge and expertise to follow through on all four of these functions. Planning Planning is a essential management function. In every organization, managers plan a wide variety of actions on a daily basis. As a manager I must also look at the long term and day to day operations. As part of my position planning is used to establish the goals and courses of action that are going to take place. Planning tells me what should be done to accomplish the goals of the company that I work for. Organizing Organizing tells me how it is done and who should be doing it. This function of management is defining the roles and responsibilities of each team member. In this process with the company that I work for I need to make sure that the right people are in place with the right materials to accomplish the mission of the company. I will describe each position briefly at my organization. We have an administrator who oversees the entire office. The next in command is the director of nursing. She is responsible for the daily clinical functions and making sure that her staff, which are the registered nurse (care managers) have the appropriate staff on board for the patients in there homes. My staff includes the office assistants; there assigned duties are to complete all data entry within 24-48 hours of patient admission to home care. Following on the next page is a organizational chart. Just to give you an idea on how the flow should go within my occupation. Leading is the process by which I direct the efforts of my employees towards the accomplishments of the organization’s goals. I...

Inscriptive Restorations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Inscriptive Restorations - Essay Example According to Trethewey, societal aspects that most individuals consider insignificant and take for granted are the ones that stand out as motivators of her passion. Trethewey uses Sontag quotes to demonstrate that photography is a cruel practice. She explains the ordeal poets experience to search for substance from their lives and pain of other peoples lives During the interview, Natasha recalls her grandmother as her role model and inspiration to her life (Trethewey and Petty 1024). She hails women for playing a role in adding influencing the passion and dedication in her work as a poet. Natasha further reveals that her life revolved around traditional setting where she lived with chicken. Nevertheless, she also counts herself as a modern woman who lived by the highway 49. Natasha also makes it known that she is an independent woman. It is noteworthy that, during the entire interview, Natasha fails to address the plight of blacks who are the major victims in the photographic environments. One of the issues standing out clearly from the essay is racial segregation. Rowell talks about black people who stand in isolation as white people take their photographss. In addition, Natasha also claims that three the black people’s gauzes, she is able to realize the attachment she has with them. The second thing that stands out in the essay is support and inspiration. Natasha recalls the role that her grandmother played in shaping her career and making her a responsible woman in the society. Finally, modernity versus tradition is another aspect that stands out in the essay. Trethewey recounts that she belong to â€Å"old timely.† She makes claims that she belong to a community that to date still plays marbles that contained pig rooting, particularly under house. Trethewey memorizes how she lived in a society where people still kept cattle in their yards and

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Case Study Example Whilst the defendant may cite the absence of a legal statute that is binding in the contract, the terms of selling and buying as stipulated by eBay are open and very clear for all the participants to easily understand. Acknowledgement by all the participants is a mandatory requirement for participating. Whilst eBay would only facilitate the payment for the items sold between two parties, both of them would have agreed to the terms and conditions of the bid which is not entered into under any jurisdiction but where the highest bidder walks away with the item. Whilst some differences arose with the defendant arguing that he had not entered into a contract with the plaintiff after he had already made a 10 % payment, it seems that both parties were aware of the deal and the defendant had even given information to the effect that the plane had certificates of fitness and the highest amount of bid he expected. Surprisingly, the defendant’s sworn affidavit is silent about this payment which raises doubts. The plaintiff fulfilled all these terms and conditions stipulated in the conditions for eBay which may be folly for the defendant to argue that he is not legally bound to such a contract after kn owingly accepted the terms as provided by eBay which led Rein AJ to doubt his credibility. 5. The defendant argued that there was no binding and enforceable agreement between him and the plaintiff since he argued that it was only eBay which could remove him as a registered member which meant that he had no contract with the client since there is nothing binding if there is an issue of one party defaulting. He argued that the only contract that existed was between him and eBay and between the plaintiff and eBay again without direct relationship between the buyer and the seller. He also argued that placing an advert on eBay was just like placing it in any other classified sections of the press but it seems

Strategic Direction of Harley Davidson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Direction of Harley Davidson - Essay Example It has been recommended that the best way forward for Harley-Davidson is to expand overseas and outsource its production and assembly lines, especially in emerging economies like China and India. To its credit, the company’s management has already been making efforts in this direction. Summary of Strategic Direction & the Balanced Scorecard From the analysis of the company’s own strengths and weaknesses, as well as the opportunities and threats to the motorcycle industry at large and the heavy motorbike segment in particular, it has been suggested that the best way forward for Harley- Davidson at this juncture is to expand overseas in emerging economies like China and India and also to think of setting up production and assembly lines for the local manufacture or assembly of H-D motorcycles. This will not only help lower costs, as Asian labor is cheaper than the American or European equivalent but also to increase market size, revenues and profits. The recessionary tren d in Western economies makes to difficult to achieve sales and profit goals there. It is therefore recommended to spread the risks and even create a production or assembly hub in Asia, from where finished products can be transported to areas where there is a demand for them. Coming to the matter of the Balanced Scorecard, this will compare actual results attained to an agreed target value for financial and non-financial measures, such as Financial, Customer, Internal Processes and Learning and Growth. For H-D’s agreed best-recommended strategy, we could have actual sales in units and type of motorbike, revenues and profits earned, type of customers targeted in terms of earning capacity and lifestyle, costs and expenses to set up production/ assembly plants in India and China and comparison of common and differentiating factors relating to customer choices, culture, purchase behavior and lifestyle in different areas of the globe. Stakeholder Interests Of course, in todayâ€⠄¢s environment, a company has a number of different stakeholders and each of them have different interests in the company and its operations. For example, creditors and banks would like to see that it has enough revenues and profitability to cover its interest payments, as well as make the required installments of principal and interest at the agreed date and rates. They would also look at the debt and equity balance before deciding to lend. Shareholders would expect a return in terms of capital gains and dividends. Employees would be looking for job stability and a fair wage. In this way, Harley Davidson has to satisfy the interests of various stakeholders at the same time. Company History, Purpose & Goals Harley Davidson Inc. was started by a group of friends and entrepreneurs at the beginning of the 1900s. The name of the company is, in fact, a combination of the two families which combined their skills and efforts to get the business off the ground.  

Types Of Pollution And Their Causes Environmental Sciences Essay

Types Of Pollution And Their Causes Environmental Sciences Essay Pollution  is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes discomfort to the  ecosystem  i.e. physical systems or living organisms.  Pollution can take the form of  chemical substances  or  energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is often classed as  point source  or  nonpoint source pollution. POINT SOURCE POLLUTION A  point source of pollution  is a single identifiable  localized  source of  air,  water,  thermal,  noise  or  light  pollution. A  point source  has negligible extent, distinguishing it from other pollution source geometries. The sources are called  point sources  because in mathematical modeling, they can be approximated as a mathematical  point  to simplify analysis. Pollution point sources are identical to other  physics,  engineering,  optics  andchemistry  point sources except that their emissions have been labeled Water pollution from an  oil refinery  wastewater  discharge outlet Noise pollution from a  jet engine Disruptive  seismic  vibration from a localized seismic study Light pollution from an intrusive  street light Thermal pollution from an industrial process  outfall Radio  emissions from an interference-producing electrical device Types of air pollution sources which have finite extent are  line sources,  area sources  and  volume sources. Air pollution sources are also often categorized as either stationary or mobile. NON POINT SOURCE POLLUTION Non-point source (NPS) pollution  is  water pollution  affecting a water body from diffuse sources, such as polluted  runoff  from  agricultural  areas draining into a river, or wind-borne debris blowing out to sea. Nonpoint source pollution can be contrasted with  point source  pollution, where discharges occur to a body of water at a single location, such as discharges from a chemical factory,  urban runoff  from a roadway  storm drain, or from ships at sea. NPS may derive from many different sources with no specific solution to rectify the problem, making it difficult to regulate. It is the leading cause of water pollution in the  United States  today, with polluted runoff from agriculture the primary cause. Other significant sources of runoff include  hydrological  and  habitat modification, and  silviculture  (forestry). Contaminated stormwater washed off of  parking lots,  roads  and  highways, and  lawns  (often containing  fertilizers  and  pesticides) is called  urban runoff. This runoff is often classified as a type of NPS pollution. Some people may also consider it a point source because many times it is channeled into municipal storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to nearby  surface waters. However, not all urban runoff flows through storm drain systems before entering waterbodies. Some may flow directly into waterbodies, especially in developing and suburban areas. Also, unlike other types of point sources, such as industrial discharge, wastewater plants and other operations, pollution in urban runoff cannot be attributed to one activity or even group of activities. Therefore, because it is not caused by an easily identified and regulated activity, urban runoff pollution sources are also often treated as true nonpoint sources as municipalities work to abate t hem. MAJOR FORMS OF POLLUTION ::: The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular pollutants relevant to each of them: AIR POLLUTION Air pollution  is the introduction of  chemicals,  particulate matter, or  biological materials  that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the  natural environment  into the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet  Earth.  Stratospheric  ozone depletion  due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earths  ecosystems. NOISE POLLUTION Noise pollution  (or  environmental  noise) is displeasing human, animal or machine-created sound that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life. The word  noise  comes from the Latin word  nauseas, meaning seasickness. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly  construction  and  transpHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportortation systems, including  motor vehicle  noise,  aircraft noise  and  rail noise.  Poor  urban planning  may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential area. Indoor and outdoor noise pollution sources include  car alarms, emergency service  sirens, mechanical equipment,  fireworks, compressed  air horns, groundskeeping equipment, barking dogs, appliances,lighting  hum, audio entertainment systems, electric  megaphones, and loud people. SOIL CONTAMINATION Soil contamination  (soil pollution) is caused by the presence of  xenobiotic  (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. This type of contamination typically arises from the rupture of  underground storage tanks, application of  pesticides, percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata, oil and fuel dumping, leaching of wastes fromlandfills  or direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. The most common chemicals involved are petroleum  hydrocarbons,  solvents, pesticides, lead and other  heavy metals. This occurrence of this phenomenon is correlated with the degree of industrialization and intensities of chemical usage. The concern over soil contamination stems primarily from health risks, from direct contact with the contaminated soil, vapors from the contaminants, and from secondary contamination of water supplies within and underlying the soil. Mapping of contaminated soil sites and the resulting cleanup are time consuming and expensive tasks, requiring extensive amounts of  geology,hydrology,  chemistry  and  computer modeling  skills. It is in  North America  and  Western Europe  that the extent of contaminated land is most well known, with many of countries in these areas having a legal framework to identify and deal with this environmental problem; this however may well be just the tip of the iceberg with developing countries very likely to be the next generation of new soil contamination cases. RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION Radioactive contamination, also called  radiological contamination, is radioactive substances on surfaces, or within solids, liquids or gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable, or the process giving rise to their presence in such places. Also used less formally to refer to a quantity, namely the  activity  on a surface (or on a unit area of a surface). Contamination does not include residual  radioactive material  remaining at a site after the completion of  decommissioning. The term radioactive contamination may have a connotation that is not intended. The term radioactive contamination refers only to the presence of  radioactivity, and gives no indication of the magnitude of the hazard involved. Radioactive contamination is typically the result of a spill or accident during the production or use of  radionuclides  (radioisotopes), an unstable nucleus which has excessive energy. Contamination may occur from radioactive gases, liquids or particles. For example, if a radionuclide used in  nuclear medicine  is accidentally spilled, the material could be spread by people as they walk around. Radioactive contamination may also be an inevitable result of certain processes, such as the release of radioactive  xenon  in  nuclear fuel reprocessing. In cases that radioactive material cannot be contained, it may be diluted to safe concentrations.  Nuclear fallout  is the distribution of radioactive contamination by a  nuclear explosion. THERMAL POLLUTION   Thermal pollution  is the degradation of  water quality  by any process that changes ambient water  temperature. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a  coolant  by  power plants  and industrial manufacturers. When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the change in temperature (a) decreases  oxygen  supply, and (b) affects  ecosystem  composition.  Urban runoffstormwater  discharged to surface waters from  roads  and  parking lotscan also be a source of elevated water temperatures. When a power plant first opens or shuts down for repair or other causes, fish and other organisms adapted to particular temperature range can be killed by the abrupt rise in water temperature known as thermal shock. SOURCES AND CAUSES Air pollution comes from both natural and man made sources. Though globally man made pollutants from combustion, construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant in the air pollution equation. Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution.  China,  United States,  Russia,  Mexico, and  Japan  are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include  chemical plants, coal-fired  power plants,  oil refineries,  petrochemical  plants,  nuclear waste  disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.),  PVC  factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides About 400 million metric tons of  hazardous wastes  are generated each year.  The  United States  alone produces about 250 million metric tons.  Americans constitute less than 5% of the  worldHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worlds_populationHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worlds_populations population, but produce roughly 25% of the worlds  COHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide2,  and generate approximately 30% of  worlds waste.  In 2007,  China  has overtaken the United States as the worlds biggest producer of CO2. In February 2007, a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), representing the work of 2,500 scientists from more than 130 countries, said that humans have been the primary cause of global warming since 1950. Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded. But in order to change the climate, the transition from fossil fuels like coal and oil needs to occur within decades, according to the final report this year from the UNs Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Some of the more common  soil  contaminants are  chlorinated hydrocarbons  (CFH),  heavy metals  (such as  chromium,  cadmiumfound in rechargeable  batteries, and  leadfound in lead  paint,  aviation fuel  and still in some countries,  gasoline),  MTBE,zinc,  arsenic  and  benzene. In 2001 a series of press reports culminating in a book called  Fateful Harvest  unveiled a widespread practice of recycling industrial byproducts into fertilizer, resulting in the contamination of the soil with various metals. Ordinary municipal  landfills  are the source of many chemical substances entering the soil environment (and often groundwater), emanating from the wide variety of refuse accepted, especially substances illegally discarded there, or from pre-1970 landfills that may have been subject to little control in the U.S. or EU. There have also been some unusual releases of  polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, commonly called  dioxins  for simplic ity, such as  TCDD. Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For example,  hurricanes  often involve water contamination from sewage, and  petrochemical  spills from ruptured  boats  or  automobiles. Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal  oil rigs  or  refineries  are involved. Some sources of pollution, such as  nuclear power  plants or  oil tankers, can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur. In the case of  noise pollution  the dominant source class is the  motor vehicle, producing about ninety percent of all unwanted noise worldwide. EFFECTS HUMAN HEALTH Adverse  air quality  can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause  respiratory disease,  cardiovascular disease,  throat  inflammation, chest pain, andcongestion. Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of  drinking water  by untreated  sewage  in  developing countries. An estimated 700 million  Indians  have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrhoeal sickness every day.  Nearly 500 million Chinese lack access to safe drinking water.  656,000 people die prematurely each year in  China  because of air pollution. In  India, air pollution is believed to cause 527,700 fatalities a year.  Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the US could be over 50,000. Oil spills can cause  skin  irritations and  rashes. Noise pollution induces  hearing loss,  high blood pressure,  stress, and  sleep disturbance.  Mercury  has been linked to  developmental deficits  in children and  neurologic  symptoms. Older people are majorly exposed to diseases induced by air pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are under additional risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk.  Lead  and other  heavy metals  have been shown to cause neurological problems. Chemical and  radioactive  substances can  cause  cancerand  as well as  birth defects. ENVIRONMENT Pollution has been found to be present widely in the  environment. There are a number of effects of this: Biomagnification  describes situations where toxins (such as  heavy metals) may pass through  trophic levels, becoming exponentially more concentrated in the process. Carbon dioxide  emissions cause  ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earths oceans as CO2  becomes dissolved. The emission of  greenhouse gases  leads to  global warming  which affects ecosystems in many ways. Invasive species  can out compete native species and reduce  biodiversity. Invasive plants can contribute debris and biomolecules (allelopathy) that can alter soil and chemical compositions of an environment, often reducing native species  competitiveness. Nitrogen oxides  are removed from the air by rain and  fertilise  land which can change the species composition of ecosystems. Smog  and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carry out  photosynthesis  and leads to the production of  tropospheric ozone  which damages plants. Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will affect other  organisms  in the  food web. Sulphur dioxide  and  nitrogen oxides  can cause  acid rain  which lowers the  pH  value of soil. POLLUTION CONTROL :: Pollution control is a term used in  environmental management. It means the control of  emissions  and  effluents  into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the  environment. In the hierarchy of controls,  pollution prevention  and  waste minimization  are more desirable than pollution control. PRACTICES:: RECYCLING :::: Recycling  involves processing used  materials  (waste) into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce  energy  usage, reduce air pollution (from  incineration) and water pollution (from  landfilling) by reducing the need for conventional waste disposal, and lower  greenhouse gas  emissions as compared to virgin production.  Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the Reduce,  Reuse, Recycle  waste hierarchy. Recyclable materials include many kinds of  glass,  paper,  metal,  plastic,  textiles, and  electronics. Although similar in effect, the  composting  or other reuse of  biodegradable waste   such as  food  or  garden waste   is not typically considered recycling.  Materials to be recycled are either brought to a collection center or picked up from the curbside, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials bound for manufacturing. In a strict sense, recycling of a material would produce a fresh supply of the same material-for example, used office  paper  would be converted into new office paper, or used  foamed polystyrene  into new polystyrene. However, this is often difficult or too expensive (compared with producing the same product from raw materials or other sources), so recycling of many products or materials involves their  reuse  in producing different materials (e.g.,  paperboard) instead. Another form of recycling is the  salvage  of certain materials from complex products, either due to their intrinsic value (e.g.,  lead  from  car batteries, or  goldfrom  computer  components), or due to their hazardous nature (e.g., removal and reuse of  mercury  from various items). Critics dispute the net economic and environmental benefits of recycling over its costs, and suggest that proponents of recycling often make matters worse and suffer from  confirmation bias. Specifi cally, critics argue that the costs and energy used in collection and transportation detract from (and outweigh) the costs and energy saved in the production process; also that the jobs produced by the recycling industry can be a poor trade for the jobs lost in logging, mining, and other industries associated with virgin production; and that materials such as paper pulp can only be recycled a few times before material degradation prevents further recycling. Proponents of recycling dispute each of these claims, and the validity of arguments from both sides has led to enduring controversy. PROCESS OF RECYCLING Collection A number of different systems have been implemented to collect recyclates from the general waste stream. These systems lie along the spectrum of trade-off between public convenience and government ease and expense. The three main categories of collection are drop-off centres, buy-back centres and curbside collection. Drop-off centres require the waste producer to carry the recyclates to a central location, either an installed or mobile collection station or the reprocessing plant itself. They are the easiest type of collection to establish, but suffer from low and unpredictable throughput. Buy-back centres differ in that the cleaned recyclates are purchased, thus providing a clear incentive for use and creating a stable supply. The post-processed material can then be sold on, hopefully creating a profit. Unfortunately government subsidies are necessary to make buy-back centres a viable enterprise, as according to the United States Nation Solid Wastes Management Association it costs on average US$50 to process a ton of material, which can only be resold for US$30. CURBSIDE COLLECTION Curbside collection encompasses many subtly different systems, which differ mostly on where in the process the recyclates are sorted and cleaned. The main categories are mixed waste collection, commingled recyclables and source separation.  A  waste collection vehicle  generally picks up the waste. At one end of the spectrum is mixed waste collection, in which all recyclates are collected mixed in with the rest of the waste, and the desired material is then sorted out and cleaned at a central sorting facility. This results in a large amount of recyclable waste, paper especially, being too soiled to reprocess, but has advantages as well: the city need not pay for a separate collection of recyclates and no public education is needed. Any changes to which materials are recyclable is easy to accommodate as all sorting happens in a central location. In a Commingled or  single-stream system, all recyclables for collection are mixed but kept separate from other waste. This greatly reduces the need for post-collection cleaning but does require  public education  on what materials are recyclable. Source separation is the other extreme, where each material is cleaned and sorted prior to collection. This method requires the least post-collection sorting and produces the purest recyclates, but incurs additional  operating costs  for collection of each separate material. An extensive public education program is also required, which must be successful if recyclate contamination is to be avoided. Source separation used to be the preferred method due to the high sorting costs incurred by commingled collection. Advances in sorting technology (see  sorting  below), however, have lowered this overhead substantially-many areas which had developed source separation programs have since switched to comingled collection. Sorting Once commingled recyclates are collected and delivered to a  central collection facility, the different types of materials must be sorted. This is done in a series of stages, many of which involve automated processes such that a truck-load of material can be fully sorted in less than an hour.  Some plants can now sort the materials automatically, known as  single-stream recycling. A 30 percent increase in recycling rates has been seen in the areas where these plants exist. Initially, the commingled recyclates are removed from the collection vehicle and placed on a conveyor belt spread out in a single layer. Large pieces of  corrugated fiberboard  and  plastic bags  are removed by hand at this stage, as they can cause later machinery to jam. Next, automated machinery separates the recyclates by weight, splitting lighter paper and plastic from heavier glass and metal. Cardboard is removed from the mixed paper, and the most common types of plastic,  PET  (#1) and  HDPE  (#2), are collected. This separation is usually done by hand, but has become automated in some sorting centers: a  spectroscopic  scanner is used to differentiate between different types of paper and plastic based on the absorbed wavelengths, and subsequently divert each material into the proper collection channel.[4] Strong magnets are used to separate out  ferrous metals, such as  iron,  steel, and  tin-plated steel cans  (tin cans).  Non-ferrous metals  are ejected by  magnetic eddy currents  in which a rotating  magnetic field  induces  an electric current around the aluminium cans, which in turn creates a magnetic eddy current inside the cans. This magnetic eddy current is repulsed by a large magnetic field, and the cans are ejected from the rest of the recyclate stream.[4] Finally, glass must be sorted by hand based on its color: brown, amber, green or clear. GREEN HOUSE GASES AND GLOBAL WARNING Carbon dioxide, while vital for  photosynthesis, is sometimes referred to as pollution, because raised levels of the gas in the atmosphere are affecting the Earths climate. Disruption of the environment can also highlight the connection between areas of pollution that would normally be classified separately, such as those of water and air. Recent studies have investigated the potential for long-term rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to cause slight but critical  increases in the acidity of ocean waters, and the possible effects of this on marine ecosystems. Global warming  is the increase in the  average temperature  of  Earths near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. According to the 2007  Fourth Assessment Report  by the  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  (IPCC), global surface temperature increased 0.74  Ã‚ ±Ã‚  0.18  Ã‚ °C  (1.33  Ã‚ ±Ã‚  0.32  Ã‚ °F) during the 20th century. Global dimming, a result of increasing concentrations of atmospheric  aerosols  that block sunlight from reaching the surface, has partially countered the effects of warming induced by greenhouse gases. Climate model  projections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate that the global  surface temperature  is likely to rise a further  1.1 to 6.4  Ã‚ °C  (2.0 to 11.5  Ã‚ °F)  during the 21st century.  The uncertainty in this estimate arises from the use of models with differing  sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations  and the use of differing  estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. An increase in global temperature will cause  sea levels to rise  and will change the amount and pattern of  precipitation, probably including expansion of  subtropical  deserts.  Warming is expected to be  strongest in the Arcticand would be associated with continuing  retreat of glaciers,  permafrost  and  sea ice. Other likely effects include changes in the frequency and intensity of  extreme weather  events,  species extinctions, and changes in  agricultural yields. Warming and related changes will vary from region to region aroun d the globe, though the nature of these regional variations is uncertain.  As a result of contemporary increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, the oceans have become  more acidic; a result that is predicted to continue. The  scientific consensus  is that  anthropogenic  global warming is occurring.  Nevertheless,  political  and  public debate  continues. The  Kyoto Protocol  is aimed at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentration to prevent a dangerous anthropogenic interference.  As of November 2009,  187 states had signed and ratified  the protocol. The  greenhouse effect  is the process by which  absorption  and  emission  of  infrared  radiation by gases in the  atmosphere  warm a  planets lower atmosphere and surface. It was proposed by  Joseph Fourierin 1824 and was first investigated quantitatively by  Svante Arrhenius  in 1896.  The question in terms of global warming is how the strength of the presumed greenhouse effect changes when human activity increases the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Naturally occurring greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of about 33  Ã‚ °C (59  Ã‚ °F).  The major greenhouse gases are  water vapor, which causes about 36-70 percent of the greenhouse effect;carbon dioxide  (CO2), which causes 9-26 percent;  methane  (CH4), which causes 4-9 percent; and  ozone  (O3), which causes 3-7 percent.  Clouds also affect the radiation balance, but they are composed of liquid water or ice and so have  different effects on radiation  from water vapor. Human activity since the  Industrial Revolution  has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased  radiative forcing  from CO2,  methane, tropospheric  ozone,  CFCs  andnitrous oxide. The  concentrations  of CO2  and methane have increased by 36% and 148% respectively since 1750.  These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 650,000 years, the period for which reliable data has been extracted from  ice cores.  Less direct geological evidence indicates that CO2  values higher than this were last seen about 20 million years ago.[41]  Fossil fuel  burning has produced about three-quarters of the increase in CO2  from human activity over the past 20 years. Most of the rest is due to land-use change, particularly  deforestation. Over the last three decades of the 20th century,  GDP  per capita  and  population growth  were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions.  CO2  emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.  Emissions scenarios, estimates of changes in future emission levels of greenhouse gases, have been projected that depend upon uncertain economic,sociological,  technological, and natural developments.  In most scenarios, emissions continue to rise over the century, while in a few, emissions are reduced.  These emission scenarios, combined with carbon cycle modelling, have been used to produce estimates of how atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases will change in the future. Using the six IPCC  SRES  marker scenarios, models suggest that by the year 2100, the atmospheric concentration of CO2  could range between 541 and 970 ppm.  This is an increase of 90-250% above the concentration in the year 1750. Fossil fuel reserves are sufficient to reach these levels and continue emissions past 2100 if  coal,  tar sands  or  methane clathrates  are extensively exploited. The destruction of  stratospheric  ozone by  chlorofluorocarbons  is sometimes mentioned in relation to global warming. Although there are a few  areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is not strong. Reduction of stratospheric ozone has a cooling influence.  Substantial ozone depletion did not occur until the late 1970s.  Ozone in the troposphere  (the lowest part of the  EarthHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_EarthHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earths atmosphere) does contribute to surface warming. 8 most polluted cities in India ::: Sukinda, Orissa Number of people affected:  2,600,000 Type of pollutant:  Hexavalent chromium and other metals   Source of pollution:  Chromite mines and processing Hexavalent chromium is: a nasty heavy metal used for stainless steel production and leather tanning that is carcinogenic if inhaled or ingested. In Sukinda, which contains one of the largest open cast chromite ore mines in the world, 60% of the drinking water contains hexavalent chromium at levels more than double international standards. An Indian health group estimated that 84.75% of deaths in the mining areas where regulations are nonexistent are due to chromite-related diseases. There has been virtually no attempt to clean up the contamination. Sukinda has been listed in the Top 10 most polluted places in the world by the US-based Blacksmith Institute. Labourers work at a road construction site near Vapi Vapi, Gujarat Number of people potentially affected:  71,000 Type of pollutant:  Chemicals and heavy metals Source of pollution:  Industrial estates If Indias environment is on the whole healthier than its giant neighbor Chinas, thats because India is developing much more slowly. But thats changing, starting in towns like Vapi, which sits at the southern end of a 400-km-long belt of industrial estates. For the citizens of Vapi, the cost of growth has been severe: levels of mercury in the citys groundwater are reportedly 96 times higher than WHO safety levels, and heavy metals are present in the air and the local produce. Its just a disaster, says Fuller. Vapi has been listed in the Top 10 most polluted places in the world by the US-based Blacksmith Institute. Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab Number of people affected:  155,416 Type of pollutant:  High dust and smoke particulate Source of pollution:  Industrial units Gobindgarh in Punjab, also known as Loha mandi, recorded suspended particulate matter (microscopic particles in the air such as dust and smoke) level of 252 micrograms per cubic metre in 2007, 320 percent higher than the national standard level of 60 micrograms. Known for its iron and steel factories, it is one of the most polluted city in the country. The population in Gobindgarh shows a higher prevalence of symptoms of angina and cardiovascular disease. A ragpicker rows boat in polluted Gomti river in Lucknow Lucknow, UP Number of people affected:  30 lakh Type of pollutant:  High dust and smoke particulate Source of pollution:  Industrial units, vehicles Vehicular emissions are the main cause of air pollution in Lucknow. In recent years there has been a rapid rise in vehicular

The Causes of the American Revolution Essay -- Essays on American Revo

The American Revolution began for many reasons, some are; long-term social, economic, and political changes in the British colonies, prior to 1750 provided the basis for and started a course to America becoming an independent nation under it's own control with its own government. Not a tyrant king thousands of miles away. A huge factor in the start of the revolution was the French and Indian War during the years of 1754 through 1763; this changed the age-old bond between the colonies and Britain, its mother. To top it off, a decade of conflicts between the British rule and the colonists, starting with the Stamp Act in 1765 that eventually led to the eruption of war in 1775, along with the drafting of The Declaration of Independence in 1776. Originally the fighting between Britain and France began in 1754 with a quarrel in North America. It had two different names. In America it is known as the French and Indian War. In Britain and Europe it is known as the Seven Years? War, because the fighting lasted from 1756 to 1763. A result of the French and Indian war was a British decision to reconsider its relationship with its colonies. Prior to the French and Indian War, Britain had loosely controlled its colonies. British leaders regarded the colonial government as inferior. As long as only a few serious conflicts between Britain and America occurred, the British government permitted colonial assemblies to oversee the royal governors and to pass new laws that suited to the needs of the colonists. In addition, the British did not always enforce their laws in the colonies. For example, the British Customs Service, which was unproductive, understaffed, and open to corruption, did not enforce the Molasses Act of 1733. British leaders did not insist on strict enforcement of this tax or other commercial duties because thriving American trade was making Britain very wealthy and powerful nation. British statesman and political theorist Edmund Burke, a orator who successfully championed many human rights and causes by bringing people to attention through his moving speeches. Described his country?s policies toward the colonies as ?salutary neglect? because he believed their leniency was actually beneficial. As a result of this salutary neglect, the colonists developed a political and economic system that was virtually independent. They were loyal, although somewhat... ... Townshend duties on certain imported goods. Indeed, American patriots used tar and feathers to wage a war of intimidation against British tax collectors. These were the actions that made our country leap towards a revolution and eventually make it free. As the first line of the constitution says ?We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.?, and this selection along with the rest of the constitution still stands today and has not been changed or altered since it was made. Works Cited Carroll, Andrew, Letters for a Nation, Broadway New York, 1997 Gottschalk, Louis. "Cause of Revolution." Schenckman Publishing Company, Inc.: Cambridge, 2011. "American Revolution" Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution Olsen, Keith W., et al. An Outline of American History. Web. 20 July 2015. http://202.194.48.102/englishonline/world/AmericanStudies/Am-history/index.asp The Causes of the American Revolution Essay -- Essays on American Revo The American Revolution began for many reasons, some are; long-term social, economic, and political changes in the British colonies, prior to 1750 provided the basis for and started a course to America becoming an independent nation under it's own control with its own government. Not a tyrant king thousands of miles away. A huge factor in the start of the revolution was the French and Indian War during the years of 1754 through 1763; this changed the age-old bond between the colonies and Britain, its mother. To top it off, a decade of conflicts between the British rule and the colonists, starting with the Stamp Act in 1765 that eventually led to the eruption of war in 1775, along with the drafting of The Declaration of Independence in 1776. Originally the fighting between Britain and France began in 1754 with a quarrel in North America. It had two different names. In America it is known as the French and Indian War. In Britain and Europe it is known as the Seven Years? War, because the fighting lasted from 1756 to 1763. A result of the French and Indian war was a British decision to reconsider its relationship with its colonies. Prior to the French and Indian War, Britain had loosely controlled its colonies. British leaders regarded the colonial government as inferior. As long as only a few serious conflicts between Britain and America occurred, the British government permitted colonial assemblies to oversee the royal governors and to pass new laws that suited to the needs of the colonists. In addition, the British did not always enforce their laws in the colonies. For example, the British Customs Service, which was unproductive, understaffed, and open to corruption, did not enforce the Molasses Act of 1733. British leaders did not insist on strict enforcement of this tax or other commercial duties because thriving American trade was making Britain very wealthy and powerful nation. British statesman and political theorist Edmund Burke, a orator who successfully championed many human rights and causes by bringing people to attention through his moving speeches. Described his country?s policies toward the colonies as ?salutary neglect? because he believed their leniency was actually beneficial. As a result of this salutary neglect, the colonists developed a political and economic system that was virtually independent. They were loyal, although somewhat... ... Townshend duties on certain imported goods. Indeed, American patriots used tar and feathers to wage a war of intimidation against British tax collectors. These were the actions that made our country leap towards a revolution and eventually make it free. As the first line of the constitution says ?We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.?, and this selection along with the rest of the constitution still stands today and has not been changed or altered since it was made. Works Cited Carroll, Andrew, Letters for a Nation, Broadway New York, 1997 Gottschalk, Louis. "Cause of Revolution." Schenckman Publishing Company, Inc.: Cambridge, 2011. "American Revolution" Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution Olsen, Keith W., et al. An Outline of American History. Web. 20 July 2015. http://202.194.48.102/englishonline/world/AmericanStudies/Am-history/index.asp

Eco- School Project Essay

This is what all parents worried about. Well, all parents want their child to be in a safe and comfortable environment. So, this is why Eco- School Project stand for. The aim of eco- school project is to raise awareness among the students on the environmental issue and world perspectively. Locally right now there are only 2 schools are involved in the eco- school project . Our school was one of it. Currently, our school have conducted some activities for the eco-school project. The energy group had the pre-earth hour launch of green Friday. Up to now, our school have the continuously green Friday launch which is, every Friday, classrooms upper and lower secondary have only one air-conditioner on or preferably both off, and one sets of lights off until 8.50am for lower sec and 9am for higher sec. Even the staffroom and admin office are all compliant. So that’s the on going efforts of eco group. As we all know, the world is very aware of environmental issue, so it’s important for kids especially school to know what can they do, not only in school, if you know what you can do in school you can imperative at home. For example: Taking part at home for the international earth hour by switching off your lights for an hour or even just consider when you are not in your room , don’t leave lights, air-conditioner on. On the rainy day, you can use your fan instead of your air-conditioner. Just to know basic that you can and that’s the impact of the environment. Moreover, there are a lot of advantages of being an eco-school, on top of being like the rest of the world, in a long run you will benefit your future. If you know how or what you are doing today is affecting environment and how it were create a change reaction effect your future , you can actually SAVE YOUR FUTURE! If you start later, means the whole process gonna start later and sometimes certain damage cannot be reverse . Since its very important for school kids to be involve. our school have a lot of future plans. According to Ms.Gayathri, the eco- school community member, the biodiversity group has a plan to create entire like agricultural section with plans and bird seeds feeding.. Its huge, the eco school project is very very HUGE.

The Social Context in the Original Planet Of The Apes essays

The Social Context in the Original Planet Of The Apes essays Some of us may see Planet of the Apes as the film responsible for the later annoying talking monkey films, while others may see it as the classic sci-fi with the intriguing plot and special effects for its time. However, what some of us may not know or have noticed about this classic film, is just how much this film covers many relevant sociological themes of the 60s era in which it came out. These sociological themes are not quite as relevant however, to todays modern audience. Focused mainly on the under 30 year olds in the 60s era, Planet of the Apes became the classic we all know, where three astronauts crash land on a futuristic planet where apes rule and humans are slaves... As the plot unfolds, the stunned trio discovers that these highly intelligent simians can walk upright, talk and have even established a class system and a political structure like that of humans. The astronauts suddenly find themselves part of a devalued species, trapped and imprisoned by the apes. However, with the aid of a pair of compassionate chimps named Cornelius (Roddy MacDowell) In this film we encounter unusual themes for this movies time. The strong themes throughout this film include religion, bigotry, and domination. In Planet of the Apes, like in the 60s era, one of the big themes is a mentality of enlightenment about religion. In the film, the religion they were force-fed by Dr Zaius (Maurice Evans) was that humans were never superior to apes. Cornelius ...

Combining Principles and Pragmatism

Combining Principles and Pragmatism One of the most challenging attributes of leadership is balancing between principles and pragmatics. The two attributes are a contrast of each other, yet are both important to successful leadership. The main question thus is if it is actually possible to attain a perfect balance between principles and pragmatism, and when do principles override pragmatism and vice versa.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Combining Principles and Pragmatism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are valuable lessons learnt from historical leaders, such as Thomas More, a fifteenth century British fictional moralist. Each of the lessons learned from Thomas More’s story shows that other than striving to seek a balance between pragmatism and principles, leaders ought to understand when to be principled and when pragmatism is the more appropriate approach to leadership. This is attained through the use of a variety of techniques that enable leaders to achieve balance between pragmatic and principled leadership. Suffice to say that each of the two attributes to leadership separately plays an important role in leadership. Despite the fact that people prefer to be led by morally upright pragmatic leaders, it is easier if leaders understood that it is almost a futile attempt to combine the two. Leaders can however be more effective if they understand when to be pragmatic and when to be principled. Choosing to be principled means that a leader’s objective is to motivate and be inspirational to others. As such this is how mentors are born. Mentors thrive on principles. This is due to the fact that people who are being mentored are attracted to principled mentors, rather than pragmatists, as unlike pragmatists, principled leaders are able to stick to given principles, an attribute that makes it hard to fault them. Other than in mentorship, being principled is also vital in parenthood. Parents have to be fairly p rincipled to effectively run stable homes. Principled parenting means that one is able to appeal to the senses of ones’ children. Parents who run the risk of being pragmatist are too nice to their children and as such may end up destroying their homes, rather than building them (Badaracco, 2006). The relationship between pragmatism and principles has also been brought under spotlight t in military expeditions especially in war torn regions. Effective management of war time conflict means that the military has to decide when to be pragmatic and when to stick to war principles. This enables the military to deal with civilian as well as military issues effectively (Cordaid, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Modern day leaders have to learn when to be pragmatic or principled. They must also be able to make critical choices, between pragmatism of principle s, according to their convictions and stick to those choices even under greatest duress. They also have to know that the choices they make will at times come to test. As such modern leaders have to learn that making such choices also comes with dire consequences. While this is a valuable lesson, it has been exemplified in fictional characters rather than real life characters. A fifteenth century British icon of moral leadership, Thomas More exemplified this. Despite the fact that More was both a pragmatic and principled leader, he chose to live, and die by his conviction of principled leadership even when it meant going against the king’s decree. The result of More’s choice of principled leadership was his beheading. More’s choices and subsequent beheading is seen as one of the greatest sacrifices by a person in the history of England. Thomas More was canonized and knighted posthumously and his values of principled leadership have remained an inspiration to many to date (Badaracco, 2006). This implies that modern day leaders have a mentor in Thomas More on principled leadership. Leaders must also learn that there are consequences that come along with making such choice. Even though More’s story is a great inspiration on principled leadership, it does not mean that principled leadership overrides pragmatism. Thomas More life exemplified the values of principled leadership but More was also was an icon artful balance between principles and pragmatism, a situation that Guyatt (2003) refers to as the realism of pragmatists. Ambitious Modern day leaders have to learn how to attain this through a variety of tactics such as humor, seeking to be understood and being dramatic. This implies that if modern day leaders acquire these skills they will become leaders for all seasons. Furthermore, more approach of seeking artful balance is a reelection of how the world of leadership is a complex place. Despite the fact that Thomas More sacrificed p ragmatism with tragic effects, for effective day to day leadership, understanding the using a little bit of principles and pragmatics, is more beneficial than choosing either.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Combining Principles and Pragmatism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is thus impossible to attain a perfect balance between being a pragmatic leader and a principled leader. This is captured in Badaracco’s question ‘How well do I combine pragmatism and principles’. The perspective of balance is altered by the use of the term well in this title. This implies that a perfect balance is almost impossible, but an artful balance can be attained through certain skills in what is referred to as achieving artful balance. Reference List Badaracco, J. (2006). Questions of character. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Cordaid. (2006). Principles and pragmatism Civil-military action in Afghanistan and Liberia. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/liberia/principles-and-pragmatism-civil-military-action-afghanistan-and-liberia Guyatt, N. (2003). Another American century? The United States and the world since  9/11. London: Zed Books.

Portfolio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Portfolio - Assignment Example While such competition among scheduled airlines and low cost carriers (LCCs) is rather indirect, the travel preferences of passengers are what matters at the end. The global financial meltdown changed people's travel habits as they looked for cheaper alternatives to their previous destinations. Have the needs of travelers diverged or changed dramatically? Do they prefer cheaper prices or comfort and good service during the flight? Today it becomes vitally important to understand the consumers’ needs, requirements and expectations from the contemporary air travel services, which should become an integral part of airlines’ future strategies. UK Airline Industry Overview Recently all UK carriers, including LCCs, experience the increasing competitive threats, including potential to depress onboard loads and dilute yields, continuous and increasing pressure to reduce unit costs, need to maximize aircraft utilization, and all magnified by the global economic crisis. Though, a t the same time opportunities for UK airlines include potential traffic stimulation, new markets and route access, new partnerships, and new business models. According to the research by White and Crasta (2010), there are four main purchase criteria of travelers while buying airplane tickets, including price of the ticket, convenient flight times, distance of the airport used by the airline, and brand of the airline. While all four criteria are important for travelers, the price occurred to be the most important factor among 80% of respondents while the rest 20% care more about brand name of the airline and convenient flight times. Throughout the world, British Airways is recognized as the leader in the service industry and as one of the companies which internal and external practices proved high quality service for the clients and care about the employees. Being the largest international scheduled airline of the United Kingdom, British Airways provides flights to more than 550 dest inations at the most convenient times for its customers. Charts 1 and 2 in the Appendix show international versus domestic capacity share and international capacity of British Airways by region in 2011 accordingly. Macro Environmental Analysis PESTLE analysis described below will help to analyze the macro environment of the UK airline industry, including such factors as political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental. Political Factors The current political environment in the United Kingdom is supportive to aircraft services providing loans and funds toward different social and environment projects and programs. Traditionally, many UK companies are based on trade unions, which recently increased their pressure inspiring employees’ strikes. Financial Times informed that 78.5% of BA employees voted for walkouts and strike ballots supported by trade unions as the result of news about merger between BA and Spanish airline Iberia (Groom, 2011). UK government tu rned their main attention toward the security issues of airplanes as the result of several accidents, which will increase the

Business research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Business research project - Essay Example Such a job is complicated poses several challenges for the employee when dealing with the difference in the countries like cultural differences, language, legal, political and economic scenarios that he needs to be accustomed to. MNCs of all sizes today counter the issues of facilitating the right type of training to their employees, selection of the employees for expatriate jobs and ensuring that these managers are integrated well in the new environment. Hill (2007) adds that even with such problems entailing such managers, businesses today are still venturing in international field experiences because such business setups across the global enables the firms to grow multi-dimensionally and form an important resource for the firm. Profits boom and the firm is not dependent on one market only. Especially in the case of economic downturns in the west, industries are now seeking businesses in China and India, which they are doing so by incorporating international field experiences for the employees in these markets. These employees give the firms valuable insight into the new markets and help the businesses decide whether they are prospective markets for future investments or not. Even though there may be demand for the product the firms may decide not to enter the market due to cultural barriers, legal issues and political scenarios, which may only be known, when employees are sent on international projects to test out the market prospects. International field experience is not a novel concept. It is when an employee of a firm is sent to work in another country to the firm’s subsidiary. Rowold (2007, 21-36) adds that these employees are expected to control and administer the business simultaneously syncing its operation with the centre of operations, which may be in his hometown. Such learning offers rare developmental chances for the individual by giving him more flexibility both at personal and